6 Unusual Online Certificate Programs

So, you’re not interested in an online MBA. You’d prefer to lead a rally, write a memoir, or brew the perfect craft beer? Never fear. Several colleges offer online certificate programs that appeal less to sharp-suited business people and more to the garden-growing, media-sharing, beer-brewing types. Interested? Take a look at these unique distance education programs: The Business of Craft Brewing Online Certificate (Portland State University) Through this four-course series, â€Å"industry specialists† teach students everything they need to know to start up and run a successful craft brewery. Courses include â€Å"Basic Business for Craft Beverages,† â€Å"Craft Beverage Business Management,† â€Å"Strategic Craft Beverage Marketing,† and â€Å"Finance and Accounting for the Craft Brewery.† Students are also invited to fly out to Portland to take part in the optional â€Å"Craft Beverage Immersion Excursion,† spending three days meeting with brewery owners, tasting Portland beers, and touring the Oregon beer empire. Cheers. Certificate in Organic Agriculture (University of Washington) If you have a green thumb and a fondness for organic food, the University of Washington Certificate in Organic Agriculture might be for you. The college touts this 18-credit program as a good fit for â€Å"those wanting to pursue a career in organic agriculture, anyone interested in beginning a community supported agriculture (CSA) enterprise, [and] home gardeners.† As a student, you’ll take online courses such as â€Å"Organic Gardening and Farming,† â€Å"Agriculture, Environment, and Community,† and â€Å"Food Safety and Quality.†Ã‚   You’ll also be required to complete an internship, which can be done by volunteering through a local organic farm, organic certifying agency, or organic business. Sustainability Certificate (Harvard Extension School) If you want to promote a sustainability in your community or business, Harvard’s Sustainability Certificate provides instruction from world-class thinkers. Students in this program take five courses. â€Å"Knowledge Set† courses such as â€Å"Energy and the Environment,† â€Å"Strategies for Sustainability Management,† and â€Å"Sustainable Business and Technology,† provide students with a common foundation of understanding. â€Å"Skill Set† courses such as â€Å"Catalyzing Change: Sustainability Leadership for the Twenty-First Century† and â€Å"Introduction to Sustainable Buildings,† help students take action. It’s also important to note that, although this certificate is coming from an ivy-league school, it is an open-access program. Anyone can simply start taking courses towards certificate completion without the need to apply. New Urbanism Online Certificate (Miami School of Architecture) Those with a passion for cities community building may be interested in the New Urbanism Online Certificate. Students earning the certificate are prepared to take the Congress for New Urbanism accreditation exam. (Although you should also be aware that the exam can be taken without the certificate). The New Urbanism certificate is self-paced and takes students through the basics of creating walkable, sustainable places. Course units include: â€Å"A Crisis of Place and the Alternative of the New Urbanism,† â€Å"Ecology Built Legacy,† â€Å"Architecture, Local Culture, and Community Identity,† â€Å"Green Building and Historic Preservation,† and â€Å"Implementing New Urbanism.† Creative Nonfiction Writing Online Certificate (UCLA Extension Program) If you’re serious about writing that best-selling memoir, personal essay, or political history, take a look at this UCLA creative non-fiction program. You’ll focus most of your 36 credits on intensive creative non-fiction instruction. You’ll also have the opportunity to choose from electives in poetry, playwriting, and fiction. Best of all, students that complete the coursework are given a consultation with a UCLA Writer’s Program instructor, detailed notes, and an in-person or phone critique session. Certificate in Community Organizing (Empire State College) What would you like to see change in your community? If you have a quick answer to that question but don’t know how to make it happen, consider earning a Certificate in Community Organizing. Empire State’s program arms students with knowledge about justice, power dynamics, and navigating government environments. It aims to help learners develop a skill set that can be applied to create lasting change in their communities. This 12-credit program includes courses such as â€Å"Advocacy in State and Community-Level Government,† â€Å"Race, Gender, and Class in U.S. Public Policy,† and â€Å"Human Service Policy.† To complete the certificate, students are required to apply their learning by working with real communities while taking the capstone â€Å"Community Organizing† course. Free Learning Alternatives If youd rather not jump into a major time commitment and write a big check just yet, take a look at these less formal free online classes. Youll find options for a wide array of subjects including photography, guitar, and writing.

The Economic Reforms in India Since 1991 - 1069 Words

It has been over twenty years since the unlikely combination of P.V. Narasimha Rao as Prime Minister and his Oxford-educated finance minister finally liberated (so they claim) the Indian economy from overwhelming government control. It was a rotting edifice based on institutionalized scarcity, wildly illogical price controls, hilariously shoddy products, protectionism and endemic underperformance was swiftly demolished in 100 days of inspired action. The Socialist Utopia powered by the fevered imaginations of Nehru and Mahalanobis which seemed forever doomed to rot at the so called ‘Hindu Rate of Growth’ was now dead and buried, just like them. In the iconic Union Budget of 1991, Singh tabled the New Economic Policy or NEP, which†¦show more content†¦But one can argue that ‘modern’ India has always dispossessed and ignored its poorest of the poor who are routinely bullied by the state. Now the dominant discourse has framed the so-called ‘Great Development Challenge’ as an effort to extend the ‘dynamism of liberalism’ to ‘those denied access and equal opportunity’ (Tripathi 2011). This does not make accounts of horrendous poverty any less legitimate, not does it make the suicides of farmers any less tragic. But some argue that the statistics speak for themselves. In 1991, 35.8% of India’s population of 846 million, that is, about 300 million people, lived on less than one dollar a day, which is the generally accepted measure that economists use worldwide to define absolute poverty (in a strictly global context, as opposed to relative poverty, which is necessary an intra-state indicator) . Ten years later, the figure dropped to 27.5%. By 2006, with India’s population at 1.02 billion people, that necessarily implied that there were 270 million people living in absolute poverty. In the intervening years, when India added 115 million people, those living in absolute poverty fell by 30 million. Had the poverty rate remained as it was, that is 35.8% , there have been 365 million poor people. Thus we are able to argue, with some fairly reasonable certainty that the economy, within this timeframe lifted 95 million people out of absolute poverty. I now move to the lastShow MoreRelatedIndia Super Growing Economic Power1483 Words   |  6 PagesIndia super growing economic power Submitted by: MUHAMMED FAZAL K Preface India is a new emerging economic power in the world. Though the 21st first decade saw a global level financial crisis, India didn’t wilt under its pressure due to it’s the Government’s progressive policies and full-fledged reforms. Particularly, nationalization and liberalisation were the real saviors of India from the recession. Also, the national sectors and global raid helped to maintain the economy in proper way. 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Feminism And Gender Equality Essay Example For Students

Feminism And Gender Equality Essay Overall, the rights and status of women have improved considerably in the lastcentury; however, gender equality has recently been threatened within the last decade. Blatantly sexist laws and practices are slowly being eliminated while social perceptions ofâ€Å"women’s roles† continue to stagnate and even degrade back to traditional ideals. It isthese social perceptions that challenge the evolution of women as equal on all levels. Inthis study, I will argue that subtle and blatant sexism continues to exist throughouteducational, economic, professional and legal arenas. Women who carefully follow their expected roles may never recognize sexism asan oppressive force in their life. I find many parallels between women’s experiences in thenineties with Betty Friedan’s, in her essay: The Way We Were 1949. She dealt with asociety that expected women to fulfill certain roles. Those roles completely disregardedthe needs of educated and motivated business women and scientific women. Actually, thesubtle message that society gave was that the educated woman was actually selfish andevil. I remember in particular the searing effect on me, who once intended to be apsychologist, of a story in McCall’s in December 1949 called â€Å"A Weekend with Daddy.†A little girl who lives a lonely life with her mother, divorced, an intellectual know-it-allpsychologist, goes to the country to spend a weekend with her father and his new wife,who is wholesome, happy, and a good cook and gardener. And there is love andlaughter and growing flowers and hot clams and a gourmet cheese omelet and squaredancing, and she doesn’t want to go home. But, pitying her poor mother typing away allby herself in the lonesome apartment, she keeps her guilty secret that from now on shewill be living for the moments when she can escape to that dream home in the countrywhere they know â€Å"what life is all about.† (See Endnote #1)I have often consulted my grandparents about their experiences, and I find theirhistorical perspective enlightening. My grandmother was pregnant with h er third child in1949. Her work experience included: interior design and modeling women’s clothes forthe Sears catalog. I asked her to read the Friedan essay and let me know if she felt asmoved as I was, and to share with me her experiences of sexism. Her immediate reactionwas to point out that â€Å"Betty Friedan was a college educated woman and she had certaingoals that never interested me.† My grandmother, though growing up during a timewhen women had few social rights, said she didn’t experience oppressive sexism in herlife. However, when she describes her life accomplishments, I feel she has spent most ofher life fulfilling the expected roles of women instead of pursuing goals that were mostlyreserved for men. Unknowingly, her life was controlled by traditional, sexist valuesprevalent in her time and still prevalent in the nineties.Twenty-four years after the above article from McCall’s magazine was written, theSupreme Court decided whether women sho uld have a right to an abortion in Roe v. Wade (410 U.S. 113 (1973)). I believe the decision was made in favor of women’s rightsmostly because the court made a progressive decision to consider the woman as a humanwho may be motivated by other things in life than just being a mother. Justice Blackmundelivered the following opinion:Maternity, or additional offspring, may force upon the woman a distressful life andfuture. Psychological harm may be imminent. Mental and physical health may be taxedby child care. There is also a distress, for all concerned, associated with the unwantedchild, and there is the problem of bringing a child into a family already unable,psychologically and otherwise, to care for it. In other cases, as in this one, theadditional difficulties and continuing stigma of unwed motherhood may be involved. (See Endnote #2)I feel the court decision of Roe v. Wade would not have been made in 1949. Even in 1973, it was a progressive decision. The problem of abortion has existed for theentire history of this country (and beyond), but had never been addressed becausediscussing these issues was not socially acceptable. A culture of not discussing issues thathave a profound impact on women is a culture that encourages women to be powerless. The right of abortion became a major issue. Before 1970, about a million abortions weredone every year, of which only about ten thousand were legal. Perhaps a third of thewomen having illegal abortions mostly poor people had to be hospitalized forcomplications. How many thousands died as a result of these illegal abortions no onereally knows. But the illegalization of abortion clearly worked against the poor, for therich could manage either to have their baby or to have their abortion under safeconditions. (See Endnote #3)A critic of the women’s movement would quickly remind us that women have aright to decline marriage and sex, and pursue their individual interests. However, I wouldargue that the social pressure women must endure if they do not conform to their expectedrole is unfair. The problem goes beyond social conformity and crosses into governmentintervention (or lack thereof). The 1980’s saw the pendulum swing against the women’smovement. Violent acts a gainst women who sought abortions became common and thegovernment was unsympathetic to the victims. There are parallels between the SouthernBlack’s civil rights movement and the women’s movement: Blacks have long beenaccustomed to the white government being unsympathetic to violent acts against them. Imagery of Oedipus the King EssayTransportation Agency, Santa Clara (480 U.S. 616 (1987)). Mr. Paul E. Johnson filedsuit against the Santa Clara County Transportation Agency when he was denied apromotion, feeling the company’s affirmative action plan denied him of his civil rights. Some interesting facts were presented in this case:Specifically, 9 of the 10 Para-Professionals and 110 of the 145 Office and ClericalWorkers were women. By contrast, women were only 2 of the 28 Officials andAdministrators, 5 of the 58 Professionals, 12 of the 124 Technicians, none of the SkilledCrafts Workers, and 1 who was Joyce of the 110 Road Maintenance Workers. (See Endnote # 7)The above statistics show women have been considerably underrepresented at theSanta Clara County Transportation Agency. These numbers are not uncommon and arefound throughout business. It is interesting to note the current popular perception is thataffirmative action precludes white males from finding employment with companies thatimplement these plans. The truth is in the numbers, however. The fact that Mr. Johnsonfelt he was denied his civil rights because an equally qualified woman was given apromotion, instead of him, is just a small window into the subtle sexism that exists today. Most critics of affirmative action do not consider the grossly unequal numbers of men inmanagement and professional positions. Secondly, it never seems an issue of debate that awoman may have had no other previous life opportunities in these male dominated areas. I do not intend to argue that affirmative action is good or bad, but only wish to point outthat the current backlash against these programs is heavily rooted in sexism and racism. Often blatant violence or unfair acts against a group of people will cause thatgroup to pull together and empower themselves against their oppressors. The women’smovement has made large steps to eliminate many of these blatantly sexist acts in the lastcentury. Now the real difficulty is upon us: subtle acts of sexism and the degrading socialroles of women in today’s conservative culture. Alice Brooks so eloquently described herexperiences with inequality, stating, â€Å"the worse pain came from those little things peoplesaid or did to me.† As these â€Å"little things† accumulate in the experience of a youngwoman, she increasingly finds herself powerless in her relationships, employment,economics, and society in general. The female child has as many goals as the male child,but st atistically she is unable to realize these goals because of the obstacles that societysets in front of her. Society and media attempt to create an illusion that women haveevery right that men enjoy. However, women will never be equal until the day femalescientists, intellectuals, professionals, military leaders, and politicians are just as acceptedand encouraged to participate in all of society’s arenas as males. Endnotes:1. The Ethnic Moment, By P.L. Fetzer. Page 572. Constitutional Law Cases Essays, By S. Goldman. Page 205. 3. A People’s History Of The United States, By Howard Zinn. Page 499. 4. Beyond Black And White, By M. Marable. Page 40-41. 5. Constitutional Law Cases Essays, By S. Goldman. Page 767. 6. The Ethnic Moment, By P. L. Fetzer. Page 234. 7. Constitutional Law Cases Essays, By S. Goldman. Page 784. Bibliography:Fetzer, Philip L. The Ethnic Moment, The Search For Equality In The American Experience. New York: M.E. Sharpe, Inc., 1997. Goldman, Sheldon. Constitutional Law Cases Essays, Second Edition. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1991. Marable, Manning. Beyond Black White. New York: Verso, 1995. Zinn, Howard. A People’s History of The United States. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1980.

Rhetorical Analysis of Schlossers Articles

Eric Schlosser, a well-known social critic devoted his three articles, namely â€Å"The Most Dangerous Job†, â€Å"what’s in the Meat† and â€Å"What We Eat† to the issues of the rapid growth of the fast food industry and its impact upon the American national mentality and life style. Using statistic data as weighty arguments for supporting his ideas and language means for appealing to the readers’ feelings, Schlosser presents the development of fast food industry as an important economical and sociological phenomenon.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Rhetorical Analysis of Schlosser’s Articles specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Exploring the impact of the fast food industry upon not only American economy, but also the national eating habits and even way of thinking, a social critic Eric Schlosser uses valuable statistic data as weighty arguments for supporting his ideas. Di scussing the economical impact of the growth of the fast food industry, Schlosser compares the amount of money Americans spend on this type of goods every year. â€Å"In 1970, Americans spent $ 6 billion on fast food; in 2001, they spent more than $ 110 billion† (Schlosser, What We Eat 491). Discussing the fast food meal as an integral element of American life style, the author notes that most people buy and eat fast food meals without paying much attention to the quality of these products and the way through which they get to the stores, restaurants and their dinner tables. Initiating the readers into the secrets of the fast food industry, Schlosser shows the reverse side of McDonaldization of America for the economy of the country. â€Å"Workers- about half of them women, almost all of them young and Latino – slice meat with long slender knives† (Schlosser, The Most Dangerous Job 170). Discussing the hazards of this hard and dangerous job that is acceptable fo r illegal immigrants only, the author points at the real cost of a hamburger and a hot dog. According to Schlosser, â€Å"every year about one out of three meatpacking workers in the country – roughly forty-three thousand men and women – suffer an injury or a work-related illness that requires medical attention beyond first aid† (The Most Dangerous Job 172). Moreover, the author claims that there are thousands of cases which remain unregistered. Another important aspect on which Schlosser sheds light is the risk of food contamination. The author draws the readers’ attention to the risks of eating the fast food product. â€Å"Every day in the United States, roughly 200, 000 people are sickened by a foodborne disease, 900 are hospitalized, and fourteen die† (Schlosser, What’s in the Meat 195).Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Providing dat a on the amount of bacteria and bugs which can be found in products due to the violation of the meatpacking norms, the author raises the question on the quality of fast food meals and the related hazards for the people’s health. As it can be seen from the above-mentioned examples, the statistic data make Schlosser’s argumentation much more persuasive. Along with statistical data, Schlosser uses expressive language means and images for appealing to the readers’ feelings and emotions. For example, describing the daily job of an average meatpacking worker, the author goes into details for describing not only hazards of being injured and all the difficulties of routine and monotonous work, but also the disgust at working with the animals’ flesh. â€Å"For eight and a half hours, a worker called a ‘sticker’ does nothing but stand in a river of blood, being drenched in blood † (Schlosser, The Most Dangerous Job 171). The pictures of the bloo d floor, knives and meat affect the readers’ perception of the process and make them sympathize with the employees of the fast food industry and the killed animals. Not going to the extremes of the vegetarian ideas, the author explores the rate of the mass production by providing data on the amount of the killed cattle. Admitting that about 400 cattle are killed every hour at some plants, Schlosser creates an impressive picture of mass killing. Not going too far with explaining the economical and legal implications of the fast food industry rapid growth and the related risks and violations, the social critic chooses examples which are understandable for the wide audience. Schlosser appeals to the feelings of an average American citizen who is expected to reconsider his/her views on the fast food products after learning some details on the way these goods are produced and distributed. Shedding light upon the technical and legal aspects of the fast food industry which have been previously underestimated by most readers, Schlosser appeals to their feelings and affects their perception and attitude towards the fast food industry as an economical and sociological phenomenon. As a sociological critic and researcher, Schlosser obtains a broad view on the phenomenon of the growing fast food industry and its impact upon various dimensions of the community life. In his articles, the author does not limit his perspective to merely economical aspects of the issue, but considers the globalization and the corresponding shifts in the American mentality and public consciousness. In other words, Schlosser views fast food as an important industry and a significant concept affecting the American way of viewing the world.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Rhetorical Analysis of Schlosser’s Articles specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Schlosser, the level at which the fast food industry a ffects people’s consciousness is impressive. â€Å"A survey of American schoolchildren found that 96 percent could identify Ronald McDonald† (Schlosser, What We Eat 492). Second only to Santa Claus, Ronald McDonald has become a recognizable national symbol creating personal associations in millions of children and adults. Using the terms such as globalization and McDonaldization, the researcher demonstrates how deep the roots of these processes are. Discussing the ability of the fast food manufacturers to influence the government decisions in controlling the food quality, Schlosser shows their political power. â€Å"The meatpacking industry blocked the use of microbial testing in the federal meat inspection program† (Schlosser, What’s in the Meat 204). Thus, taking into account the role of fast food industry in the national economy and even policy making, it can be stated that in particular cases not the federal programs controlled the quality of the fast food production, but the fast food industry affected the policy making process and the regulations which could have impact upon the effectiveness of their procedures. Trying to influence the readers’ perception of fast food, the author views fast food from a sociological perspective and discusses the shifts in the public consciousness as the result of the rapid growth of the industry. Shedding light upon the variety of implications, which the growth of industry can play in forming the nation’s food preferences, cultural values and even life views, Schlosser goes beyond the accustomed pattern for discussing fast food industry as not only economical but also sociological phenomenon. In general, it can be stated that the style of Schlosser’s articles along with the statistic data and language means makes these works more persuasive and allows the author to affect the public perception of the fast food industry as an important sociological phenomenon. Works Cited S chlosser, Eric. â€Å"The Most Dangerous Job†. Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal. Ed. Schlosser, Eric. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2001. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Schlosser, Eric. â€Å"What We Eat†. Open Questions: Reading for Critical Thinking and Writing. Ed. Anderson, Chris, Runciman Alexander and Lex Runciman. Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2005. Print. Schlosser, Eric. â€Å"What’s in the Meat†. Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal. Ed. Schlosser, Eric. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2001. Print. This essay on Rhetorical Analysis of Schlosser’s Articles was written and submitted by user Sherlyn Mejia to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Human Cognition and System Design Essays

Human Cognition and System Design Essays Human Cognition and System Design Essay Human Cognition and System Design Essay Name: Lecturer: Course: Date: Human Cognition and System Design Introduction This paper will serve to analyze the Linux software application from a human information processing perspective. Primarily, the Linux software application is a computer operating system with a Unix-like design assembled from the open source and free software distribution and development. Originally developed to perform as an operating system for personal Intel x86 based computers (Dibris, 5). The software application has been ported to a wider variety of computer hardware platforms. The development of the Linux design is considered the most prominent example of open and free source collaboration of software. In this regard, this paper will hence focus the Linux software design and its consideration on human information processing capabilities, memory, perception, attention and learning. Memory The memory concept in this case implies the various ways through the user of the Linux software can interact or otherwise communicate with the computer system. Recognition is considered an easier strategy to use compared to recall when using the Linux software application. Regarding recognition, Linux offers the users with appropriate recognition stimuli. However, the application has been programmed with limited information as too much would divert the attention of the user or confuse them. The software application implements the use of programmed intelligence to provide appropriate stimuli for tackling the task presented by the user (Dibris, 7). The Linux software application is both a command line interface and a graphical user interface. The hard way of learning commands is through remembering them. Keying in commands the user had already typed on the previous or current console amounts to tedious or unnecessary effort. Instead of retyping a previous command, the software application offers a variety of options that save time for the user when remembering older commands used in current or earlier sessions. For example, the first option involves keying in the control key plus R prior to issuing the command. This acts by initiating the command re-caller through backward mode. This occurs with the most recent command being presented as the first. The user can now type part or the whole characters of the command he or she is searching. Once the command is found, the user is expected to hit the enter button and the command will be initiated. The Linux visual representation includes a pearl script that is capable of reading the traffic counters of the computer’s routers, and a fast program that creates presentable graphs representing the monitored network connection. In addition to its detailed view, the Linux software application is capable of creating traffic visual representations visited in the previous seven days, five weeks, or three months. This made possible from its ability to keep a log of the entire data from the router. Additionally, since the Linux software application of graphical user interface nature, it therefore represents programs, directions, and files through spatial relations and pictures. In the graphical user interface, the user has a simpler choice of choosing commands by manipulating or activating pictures –for example, dragging an icon or clicking on a button with the mouse device. The graphical user interface is intended to make the computer easier to use by simplifying decisions and tasks, and creating visual representations that the user can easily relate. A significant aspect of the Linux software application revolves around its ability of raising the user efficiency in user memory as well as usage over interfaces with text bases. The Linux software program not only utilizes chunking and encodes information; it also offers streamlined ways of finishing tasks taking into account the expectations and needs of the user. However, it is prudent to understand that the Linux software program fails to support its user’s in remembering how to use it in certain ways. This is manifested through its shortcut ability to identify previous or currently used commands. This is thought to induce a lazy culture to the user since he or she does not have to remember the main components of a command. The main challenge is however realized when entering a new command. Attention Computer systems using the Linux software application output their signals through actuators. With these displays, the system acts or reacts to the environment. Developments in software creation have enabled the user to process information from their auditory and visual senses. The Linux software application uses graphical programming language for the execution of many processing functions, sound generation and processing, and video. The timing of this software is versatile and can be communicated to other computers through a network. The graphical nature prompts the incorporation of visual user interface. Though it is good with its timing, its quality of being timeline based becomes a hindrance when the user is considering interactive structures (Hives, 8). Other authoring tools are also incorporated within the Linux software program. A high level for programming languages has a speeding effect on the development process and is a tradeoff in terms of flexibility. If the user deems that an application needs maximum flexibility, he or she can use low-level programming. The Linux software program is also user computer interface of high nature that involves multiple sense interactions, real time interaction and simulation, including visual, auditory and tactile. In addition, there are certain Linux software programs that use multimodal user interfaces that combine two or more human senses in their interaction with other computers (Hives, 14). The design of this program was achieved based on the needs of blind computer users. This was to enable them to control and perceive information in an effective and efficient way. However, research maintains that the audio user interface is not a particularly efficient interaction solution even it is the most used with blind computer users. The efficiency of the tactile user interface in accomplishing certain tasks is considered similar to the interface for audio senses. Perception The Linux interface helps its users understand the sensory information they receive in a number of ways. The Linux software program possesses a lot of information related to how it runs. The memory and hardware of the system, current processes and the user’s latest activity information is made available by the system. In many cases, the user can view the system information through specified commands (Z?agar, 25). A number of these commands are specifically written to give information. The rests of these commands are intended to alter the system to include ways of viewing the current state of the system. In certain cases, the user can understand the received sensory information through configuration files and system information. Majority of these files are in the form of plain text. This enables the user to view the basic commands that output the content of a file to the command line. Among the simplest commands designed for reading the information system is ‘arch’. This command gives back the computer’s architecture. A different set of commands give the user information relating to processes running within the system. One commonly used command process is ‘top’. This gives the user a continuous update on the process responsible for consuming the most memory space of the computer system. ‘Pstree’ is a command that gives the user a highlight of parent and child processes- meaning processes that start others. Ultimately, the Linux interface utilizes previous knowledge to enable the user understand the sensory information they receive. Among this is the collection of logs from experiences. Majority of these logs can be read using standard reading commands, but this is dependent on the distribution (Welsh, 18). In this case, some logs may be in the form of a specialized format and hence require reading with a special command. However, the Linux software program at times fails to support the perspective of perception. In this regard, the interface does not provide information on certain processes or the information itself is too complicated for the user to understand. Learning Linux interface has been designed to be user friendly and includes tips intended to help the user learn how to use the application. Similar to Microsoft windows, the Linux system files are arranged in a structure resembling the hierarchical directory format. Linux gives the user a graphical interface that gives them an easy time in understanding how to use it, and still allows those with the knowledge to change settings to a different user. Primarily, the interface allows the user to understand that everything in the system will henceforth be treated as a file (Welsh, 24). The user uses this file to make a drawing or write a text. The system lets the user understand that the written texts or drawings made will have to sorted and stored for easy location. Behind every configured option, there lie simplified readable text files the user can edit to their best suit. The current versions of the Linux interface are incorporated with graphical user interface to guide the user through the program. There is another option where the user can choose to gain full control of the program through manual adjustment of the configuration files. The design of the Linux interface is based on the premise that every person gaining access to the system has their personal username and password (Welsh, 45). Every single file has a source group and user and possesses certain attributes. In addition, the program provides the user with an opportunity of feeding it with a command to attain certain information. This enables the user to learn on a variety of processes associated with the interface. Conclusion The intensity of using Linux on laptops and standard desktop computers has been under constant rise in the recent past. The current versions include a graphical user environment. With regard to the objective of this paper, the major findings gave rise to the conclusion that Linux software program has been designed in the form of a user-friendly interface. In terms of human cognition to the design of the software, the paper was able to establish a positive view regarding the memory, attention, perception, and learning perspectives of the software program. However, one cannot overlook the hindrances associated with the shortcomings of the interface. Dibris, Dora. â€Å"Introduction to Linux Programming.† 2004 Tripoli Library Association. Greenspan Hotel, Tripoli. 29 March 2004. Hives, John G., Brian G. Brestan, and Ruth A. Dale. â€Å"Linux Software Program.† Human Cognitive Review 26.1 (2007): 1-16. Print. Michal, Pierce G., and Sarah Orsworth. â€Å"Technology and Human Cognitive Behavior: Review by a Group of Experts.† System Design 7.2 (2004): 121-30. Web. 11 Sep. 2012. Welsh, Matt, Matthias K. Dalheimer, and Lar Kaufman. Running Linux. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly, 2009. Print. Z?agar, Klemen, Janez Golob, and Anz?e Z?agar. â€Å"Efficient Access to Timing System’s Time in Linux User Mode.† Control Sheet. 9 (2010). Print.

Free Essays on Evolution Of Computers

When mainframe and minicomputers provided the backbone of business computing, there were essentially networked environments in the sense that "dumb" terminals shared access to a single processor (the minicomputer or mainframe), printer (or printers) and other peripheral devices. Files could be shared among users because they were stored on the same machine. Electrical and operational connections were available in common and shared applications, and implementation of new hardware, software and users was a simple task so long as a single vendor was used. With the proliferation of microcomputers in the business environment, information became distributed, located on the various hard drives attached to personal computers in an office, and difficult for other users to access. Today, network systems which connect disparate hardware, software and peripherals are commonplace, but the communication program which makes using these systems has not kept up with the demand for such environments, although a number of companies are now participating in the field. This research considers two of the most popular network operating systems (NOS), NetWare by Novell and Windows NT by Microsoft, and considers which is appropriate for business applications. Network Operating Systems Operating systems are the interface between individual programs and the user. Through the operating system, the user is able to name files, move them and otherwise manipulate them, and issue commands to the computer as to what the user wants to do. Network operating systems are similar to this, but exist (as the name implies) in the network environment. Thus a network operating system is used to issue commands to shared devices, and to provide a background against which scarce resources are divided among competing users. Ideally, the network operating system is transparent to the user, who is only aware of the ability to share information and resources. An efficient NOS can make... Free Essays on Evolution Of Computers Free Essays on Evolution Of Computers When mainframe and minicomputers provided the backbone of business computing, there were essentially networked environments in the sense that "dumb" terminals shared access to a single processor (the minicomputer or mainframe), printer (or printers) and other peripheral devices. Files could be shared among users because they were stored on the same machine. Electrical and operational connections were available in common and shared applications, and implementation of new hardware, software and users was a simple task so long as a single vendor was used. With the proliferation of microcomputers in the business environment, information became distributed, located on the various hard drives attached to personal computers in an office, and difficult for other users to access. Today, network systems which connect disparate hardware, software and peripherals are commonplace, but the communication program which makes using these systems has not kept up with the demand for such environments, although a number of companies are now participating in the field. This research considers two of the most popular network operating systems (NOS), NetWare by Novell and Windows NT by Microsoft, and considers which is appropriate for business applications. Network Operating Systems Operating systems are the interface between individual programs and the user. Through the operating system, the user is able to name files, move them and otherwise manipulate them, and issue commands to the computer as to what the user wants to do. Network operating systems are similar to this, but exist (as the name implies) in the network environment. Thus a network operating system is used to issue commands to shared devices, and to provide a background against which scarce resources are divided among competing users. Ideally, the network operating system is transparent to the user, who is only aware of the ability to share information and resources. An efficient NOS can make...

DEVELOPING AND MANAGING PERFORMANCE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

DEVELOPING AND MANAGING PERFORMANCE - Essay Example Building performance is not a day affair in business management; it is rather a value creation that should run throughout the existence of a business organization. This value creation must be evidenced in the way a manager handles performance in the workforce. Hence, the staff must be recognized and encouraged if a manager really wishes them to do their best in the workforce. Staff encouragement must be an ongoing process of overseeing performance throughout the year (‘Performance management’ 2012). Organizations should map out policies and strategies that will lead to the improvement of performance. The issue of performance in the workplace is multi-faceted because there are a lot of sub-issues in it. This includes issues of reward, compensation, giving out responsibility to the employees, creating conducive environment for learning and career advancement etc. In this paper, we will look at how overall performance in a workplace can be easily managed for good productivi ty. 1. How 2 key elements of the reward and development practices used either explicitly or implicitly in the case study organization could contribute to the overall performance of the organization – a critical evaluation. The case-study organization, Pentangelli’s, has two major elements in the creation of the performance policy in the organization, namely reward and development. ... The aspect of reward that could be given a considerable attention by Pentangelli’s is mainly internal since there is no visible sign of lack in external reward which is mainly monetary compensation (Ingram 2012). Because of this, the management of Pentangelli’s could have looked into the internal reward system which would have not only boosted the morale of the staff but also contributed intrinsically in the development and success of Pentangelli’s. Giving someone recognition and acknowledgement for a work done has the psychological power of increasing the effort of a person. Praise naturally will make a worker strive for perfection which can lead him to an overall effective performance (‘What is total reward’ 2006). Recognition can come in various forms. It can be in the form of recognizing the importance and talents of the workers by constantly engaging them in the day to day running of the business. Allowing the managers to take decisions independ ently is a motivation that is even better than monetary compensation (Schalkwijk 2013), and this is where Lucas, the second manager of Pentangelli’s, failed. His mistake was that he appointed one person, Jean, to run the 6 outlets of Pentangelli’s without giving consideration to time. As a human being, Jean was not to be expected to run the 6 business outlets, especially considering his approach towards the issues of management. As reported in the case study, he always insisted on detailed explanation of how the managers he appointed should look after the outlets. This certainly was counterproductive because time did not permit him to achieve this. This could be a reason why he suffered an accident

Riordan Virtual Organization, Concepts in Strategic Management and Essay

Riordan Virtual Organization, Concepts in Strategic Management and Business Policy, and Competitive Advantages Paper - Essay Example The changing and advancing technology compels Riordan Company to adopt  new strategy and business policies. The corporation should adopt a good strategic plan to achieve its goals and long-term performance. The evaluation and adoption of production expertise is a result of technological advancement (Hill & Jones, 2012). The evolving world economic market calls for companies to transform and adapt to the new environment. Strategic planning is necessary in accomplishing new changes. It lays a framework for business success and objectives. Riordan Company should set its priority and values for the company to realize its mission and goals in the industry. It should improve interaction to bring unity and teamwork that is the root of success. In addition, the company should align duties and priorities that can help in decision-making (Lawrie et al., 2005). Strategic plan focuses on making proper decision for the future. To develop a successful business plan, Riordan should have a well-developed strategy for achieving them. It should focus on the formation, implementation, evaluation and control measures. When doing a strategy planning, an environmental scan is essential. Environmental scan concentrates on factors that affect the company performance externally. Riordan Company being a leading producer in plastic manufacturing is facing environmental pressure from other company in China, USA and the global world. Environmental scanning focuses on economic forces, technology drives, change in government policy and socio-cultural force (Hill & Jones, 2012). The company should train its workers to impart in them the necessary practice skills. The move will also ensure that the workers are competent and well motivated. Environmental scanning takes place in the societal surroundings and industrial atmosphere. To compete with the outside environment, Riordan should lower their prices to attract potential

Keep Fit Essay Example for Free

Keep Fit Essay To keep fit and healthy, follow a healthy and balanced diet everyday. Make sure that your everyday diet includes lots of fruits, vegetables, and protein. You should cut down on red meat, junk foods, caffeine, and sugar intake. Avoid soft drinks or canned fruit juices. Instead, opt for a variety of fresh fruits, vegetable salads, freshly made fruit juices, milk, nutritious energy drinks, etc. You need to be more active in order to keep fit and healthy. Modern life has become very sedentary, with fewer scopes for physical activities. You need to exercise in order to burn those calories. Minimum physical activity slows down your metabolism rate. So, you can put on weight even when you eat less. On the other hand, exercise and a more active life will burn up the calories, even when you eat a little more. You can simply go for a brisk walk, or jog, or you can join a gym. The important thing is that you must include some physical exercise in your everyday life, because fitness and health cannot be achieved without some physical exercise. For a healthy life sufficient sleep is important. Lack of sleep can make you feel tired the next day. So work hard, but make sure that you have enough sleep; so that your body gets the time to replenish itself. Do not skip your breakfast, no matter how busy you are. Breakfast is the first and most important meal of the day. It works as a fuel for your body and keeps you going for the rest of day. If you skip breakfast, you will feel hungrier in the latter part of the day, and you may end up eating more! So, you may run a risk of gaining weight, if you skip your breakfast frequently. If you are not a healthy eater and find it difficult to improve your food habits due to busy, erratic, work schedules, then you may be depriving your body of the essential nutrients that are important for good health. In the long run, unhealthy food habits can lead you to serious health hazards. An easy solution to this problem is to include multi-vitamin supplements in your daily food intake. Multi-vitamins can be taken to replenish the nutritional deficiencies in your daily diet.

Summary of Where are you going where have you been? by Joyce Carol Oate

Fallen Angel We all have been there. After a long days work, all we are thinking about is getting home. As you head towards your car, you notice the darkness around you and suddenly feel that you are not alone. Your pace increases and you begin to sweat mildly. If you could just get there, you’d be safe. Suddenly, you hear a noise and decide the best thing for you to do is ignore it. As you approach you car and unlock it, you sigh with relief that you’ve finally have made it. For many, our minds play tricks on us when we feel a moment of fear, however for others it may turn out to be their worst nightmare. In the story, â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?† by Joyce Carol Oates, a young girl is forced to make a decision that will change her life forever when she is confronted by a man obsessed with her beauty. In the beginning, the author introduces Connie, a 15-year-old teenager, who is a self-centered girl that believes beauty is everything. Her mother however, does not see her for her beauty, but for her lack of ambition. She constantly compares her to her olde...

How to have a relationship Essay

A relationship is a way of connecting. The connection could be between people or objects. Listening to my grandmother talk about relationships helped me understand how things have completely changed over times. My grandmother stated that relationships where more valued back then and people stayed together for all the right reasons. She informed me that when you loved someone you loved them like no other. When it came to marriage they lasted longer than they do now. Having a relationship with someone was the thing to do. At one time relationships actually had meaning people were with each other because they loved them. This showed me the commitment part of relationships, when people actually stayed faithful to the person they were with. Nowadays men and woman say I love you just for the fun of it. But be honest everyone you know or knew either ant’s a relationship, has a relationship or has played a role in one either as the main lover or the sideline. Relationships are complicated, complex commitments that we take seriously or play around with like a rag doll. Serious relationships start from the mind knowing what it is that you want how you want it and how you’re going to get it is the first step in committing to a relationship. Yes commitment can be very hard to do. Especially when were accustomed to doing things our own way; without having to answer to someone else. Understanding the person you are trying to commit to is a good way to start a serious relationship. It is important to gather as much information as possible and take as much time as needed to ensure that you know the person that you are in a relationship with. Taking the steps and looking at past relationships can help you understand if the relationship might be what you are looking for in life. It is true that no matter how long you have known a person you may never truly know who that person really is. It is also important to know what we want before committing ourselves in. Whether that relationship is a marriage or just a boyfriend/ girlfriend committing to someone should begin with feelings being involved. Relationships become complicated when you have disagreements, other people etc. I feel that it takes two to make a relationship work and if both parties are not commented then it will never work. It’s like the eighty-twenty rule which explains that one person is giving there all and all and the other person only gives what is necessary at that time. How can a relationship work if both parties are not on the same level and are not committed to each other? Complicating in relationships come from problems that we cause ourselves, from not committing or giving our all to the relationship. As for myself I’ve had a few relationships in my day. Some good ones and then some that I would give anything to take back and wish that I had never committed myself to. Not saying that you would have the same outcome as I did but just make sure that the love is real. If we go into a relationship knowing that we are not there for a long time then it makes the relationship less complicated. In these type situations just make sure that you inform the person with how you feel before going into the relationship. It is important to have a clean understanding of what each party wants. Having false feelings in a relationship can be the most hurtful thing when you actually find out so therefore try to avoid coming into these situations. Communication is a huge part of a serious successful relationship. Communicating with your partner is a very good stress reliever and understanding method. Having communication builds trust and loyalty, which are two other things that are very important in a relationship. When a person is in a relationship they expect their partner to be understanding, have good listening skills and be there when they need you. Sometimes it’s just best to sit back and listen to what the other person had to say. You never know what you might learn about your partner if you just listen. Always remember to keep the lines of communication open throughout the relationship. For me, I think that one of my biggest downfalls in previous relationships is the lack of communication between my partner and me. I also have problems with my partner not being able to support himself and maybe even helping me every now and then, don’t get me wrong I’m not asking him to take care of me in no means what so ever but help every now and then would be good. As I did research on the topic of relationships, I learned that there are several steps that can be taken to have a successful relationship. First it is important to ensure that you trust your partner. Does your partner’s communication lift you just to bring you right back down? How do you and your partner deal with conflict in your relationship? Do you have compatible financial values? When you are thinking about starting a new relationship think about some of these questions. They might help you to understand the relationship better and if that’s what you really want. Maintaining a trusting and lasting relationship is going to require some work on both sides and especially in these times. As long as there is trust and communication between both parties then there is a good chance that the relationship will work. I plan to take my time and know the person that I intend to be in a serious relationship with. I don’t want to hurt anyone and I definitely don’t want to be hurt. I look forward to finding love one day that is meaningful and lasting but until then I will continue to inform my partner how I feel and what I am looking for in the beginning. I will ensure the line of communication stays open.

An Artwork of Modern Realism Essay

Edward Hopper’s painting called ‘Portrait of Orleans’ pictures the town of Orleans back in 1950. The painting shows the point of intersection of a town road at daytime, with the viewer standing a little to the right in the middle part of the road. There are buildings on the further right side of the viewer, and a section of foreboding trees on the left side, which extends to the further end and curves backward to the right, straight to the area of buildings. Main Body The seven formal elements of art design are the following: (1) line, (2) shape, (3) form, (4) space, (5) texture, (6) light, and (7) color (School of Art, Design and Art History n. d. ). Going over Hopper’s Portrait of Orleans, we analyze it based on these seven elements: Line. Hopper’s painting is filled with either vertical lines or two congruent lines that converge at the middle to form a sort of triangle, which lead the eye upward to space (a cloudless sky). Curves were used to lead the eyes to the motion aimed by the painter. The curve of the looming trees, for example, extends vertically to the end and then curves backward to arrive at the right side of the road where the buildings are. From there, the horizontal lines of the road lead the eye to the right to extend beyond the picture. Shape. Shapes that were used were usually squares, circles, rectangles, and triangles. The shapes were usually connected through the use of perpendicular angles and right angles that lead one shape to the next. In the trees, for example, angles lead the eye from the rectangular trunk to the circular leaves above the trunk. Form. There are forms in the 2-dimensional items in the painting, as it creates depth, width, and height. The circular forms in the trees accentuate the form by using the right shade that darkens as the color progresses to the bottom. This creates depth, width, and height, which is emphasized also by the shadows that the looming trees are projecting. Space. The use of space is more apparent on the nearer portion of the intersecting road as well as the cloudless sky. Space gives huge impression on a painting, such as this one by Hopper. Because of the huge amount of space, it projects a feeling of isolation on the side of the viewer†¦ quietness, stillness, and a little of the feeling of alienation. Texture. Texture contrasts from the rougher ones on the trees, roofs, and tires to the smoother ones on the buildings, road post, and traffic light. Texture, together with shades and use of color, gives an added depth that makes the picture more realistic. This can be seen in Hopper’s painting, wherein texture makes the viewer feel the reality attached to the scene. Light. Light here was used basically to give emphasis to other elements like texture, shape, and form. It was also used to exaggerate the mood, as it gives a more isolated projection by emphasizing empty space, which cannot be made possible with the use of a dimmer light. The effect of the scene cannot also be made possible proper use of light. Color. The type of colors that was used here can be described as light, luminous, and realistic. The harmony does not develop a mood that is heavy, although it does not develop one that is happy and gay either. The use of colors (e. g. , tangerine), as well as the other elements, forms a sort of mysterious aura, creating a sort of tension on the side of the viewer. Conclusion Arthur McDowall wrote in 1918: â€Å"At the bottom of realism, in all its variations, seems to be the sense of actual existence; an acute awareness of it, and a vision of things under that form† (3). The ‘Portrait of Orleans’ is nothing different from this: it is art applied for a sense of existence, with a vision of how reality appears in mystery, tension, and motion. Appendix: Edward Hopper’s Portrait of Orleans (1950), available at Works Cited McDowall, Arthur. Realism: A Study in Art and Thought. London: Constable, 1918. Portrait of Orleans. 2008. Allposters. com. 21 May 2008 . School of Art, Design and Art History. ART BASICS: The 7 Formal Elements of Art Design. N. d. San Diego State University. 21 May 2008 .

Risk and Safety Management The WritePass Journal

Risk and Safety Management INTRODUCTION Risk and Safety Management INTRODUCTIONHS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM MODELSRESERACH EVIDENCE OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HS MANAGEMENT SYSTEMBARRIERS TO THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HS MANAGEMENT SYSTEMCASE STUDY OF MY EXPERIENCE IN THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HS MANAGEMENT SYSTEMRESULTS OF EXPERIENCECONCLUSIONREFERENCESRelated INTRODUCTION The idea of occupational health and management systems is rather complex and several definitions exist. The debate about OSHMSs is evident that there is no universal knowledge of the concept of occupational health and safety management. Rather there exist many models and approaches which are frequently merely sub elements regarded as complete management systems. Although the fundamental objective is to improve the health and safety of employees, at a more indebt level, one can find a variety, for example by using prevention as a fundamental company objective, by projecting the employer’s responsibility or by improving the employees’ participation and their representatives. Occupational Health and Safety management system can be defined as   a set of harmonized and incorporated processes, that allows a business or organisation to be able to control and manage their occupational health and safety issues in a homogeneous, orderly and effective way. It also enables organisations to comply with the requirements of legislation and also to initiate current best practice. Because it uses a systems approach, it helps guarantee’s a reliable and systematic approach to health and safety management throughout an organisation. Implementing this type of system is an indication that an organisation is taking a coordinated approach to the prevention of occupational health and safety risks. It is a choice that explicitly sets out to:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Improve an institutions responsiveness and performance in OSH   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   purge or reduce health and safety failures   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   predict change   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ensure overall uniformity with other management policies   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Contribute to improving the Company’s image. HS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM MODELS There are two recommended approaches depending on the organisational needs of the business and with the objective that the approach will be integrated into the total management system.   One is based on successful health and safety management HS (G) 65. Another model is OHSAS 18001, the international standard for health and safety management systems. The international standard recognises HS (G) 65 and uses essentially identical principles. Both models are very similar with some minor differences. Effective health and safety management systems should have clear processes to follow, such as clear directives that describes who does what and when. Effective health and safety management systems should also have Control Forms in place that are used to control the important steps in the process. These should be simple, clear and easy to use as they will, when concluded, records that are necessary for the continues effectiveness of the management system. Some of the basic components of an effective management system are thus: 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   developing a sound policy, 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     organising, 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   developing procedures, 4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   monitoring performance and 5)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Reviewing the effectiveness of the management system. The various models of management systems standards are in effect establish on the same values of management as those of general management. Management systems based on OHSAS 18001, AS 4801-2000 and ISO 14001 are   prescriptive than others that are base on HSG65 and, to a great extent, ILO-OSH 2001, which base greater concern to the responsibility of people in the management of occupational health and safety risks.    RESERACH EVIDENCE OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Some research has been carried out to assess the effectiveness of Occupational health and safety management systems. Frick et al. (2000:2) pointed out that the lack of critical assessment is astonishing despite the fact that: ‘OHSM has evolved internationally as the major strategy to reduce the serious social and economic problem of ill-health at work’. On the other hand, there are some researches that base their findings on the effectiveness of OHSMS, and which will be grouped as the ‘effectiveness research’. The first (effectiveness research) is a project started in the late 1970s, by researchers at the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) in the USA to look at the different characteristics of companies with outstanding health and safety performance. In the first two stages of the research, matched pair comparisons were undertaken of safety programme practices in companies with high and low injury rates (Cohen et al., 1975; Smith et al., 1978). The third stage of the research looked at the health and safety programmes of five companies with commendable health and safety performance (Cohen Cleveland, 1983). Some sensitive issues were identified in the NIOSH research and other research linking the practise of health and safety management with injury result data (Simonds Shafai-Sahrai, 1977; Viner et al., 1989; Gallagher, 1994; Zohar, 1980; Chew, 1988; Shannon et al., 1996; Simard Marchand, 1995; Eyssen et al., 1980). Research findings of the studies suggest the fundamental and critical role played by senior management employees (managers) in successful health and safety management systems, the role of effective communication, employee participation and consultation in the whole process. Another research conducted in the nuclear industry have identified further conditions for the effectiveness of health and safety management systems. Marcus’ (1988:251) research of externally induced health and safety innovations in nuclear power companies following an incident (Three Mile Island incident) found autonomy to be a fundamental factor for the effectiveness of Health and safety management system. Nichols and Marcus (1990) in their research emphasize the eventual negative impact of the lack of management attention from vital production and safety requirements. There are some factors that stand against the adoption of effective health and safety management systems. These include: -the difficulties faced by small firms, -subcontracting arrangements, and -contemporary labour market changes. Research conducted in Australia by Gallagher (2000) was based on the relationship between OHS type and system performance. This is the only major empirical research of health and safety management system effectiveness in Australian industry. Research evidence was collected in the mid 1990s from some twenty organisations that had implemented an occupational health and management systems. The systems in these organisations were grouped according to Gallagher’s cross typology based on management structure/style and control strategy. Performance was then evaluated using three criteria Incident/claims trends, -changes in performance relative to industry benchmarks, and An assessment through an audit tool based upon Safety MAP. The research findings suggest the type of occupational health and safety management system may influence its effectiveness or failure. There was a tendency for innovative/safe place enterprises (adaptive hazard managers) to perform better than traditional/safe person enterprises (unsafe act minimisers). Adaptive hazard managers stand out from the remainder by the vigour of their focus on elimination of hazard as the underlying purpose of their system activity. They had an organised approach to the management of hazard for the full spectrum of hazards, in contrast to other cases where systems activity variously had an underlying risk management or cultural change purpose, or appeared to be base at improving the health and safety system as an end in itself. Gallagher’s findings strengthen the results of the various ‘effectiveness’ research that highlight the important role played by top managers and of employee participation and engagement ‘’That the most senior managers should drive health and safety change and that health and safety representatives should move away from the margins of health and safety management, into more mainstream health and safety management planning, implementation and review.’’ In his analysis of the Esso gas plant disaster, Hopkins’ (2000) provides a thorough case study of how lack of management commitment can cause a system to fail in practice. Esso had its own occupational health and safety management in place called Operational Integrity Management System (OIMS), once complemented by many as an ideal system and one which company audits suggested was operating at peak level. Reviewing material from the Longford Royal Commission, Hopkins identifies a number of failures in the Esso system that directly contributed to the disaster: 1)   Defective auditing processes, 2) Failure to adequately identify hazards and assess risks, 3) A hands-off management strategy, 4) Absence of procedures to deal with the immediate set of incidents, 5) Inadequate training, 6) Poor communication mechanisms 7) Inadequate hazard reporting system. All the above can in a sense be seen as some of the barriers to the effectiveness of an occupational health and safety management system. Hopkins (2000:147) on the other hand challenges the critics of Occupational health and safety management systems who argue that the Esso disaster discredits the idea of an OHS management system and points instead to the need for ‘organisational mindfulness’, an idea said to account for the reliability of high reliability organisations. Hopkins suggests that mindfulness can strengthen an OHSMS by highlighting the aspects of health and safety management that are essential for high reliability. A further research by Dell (2000) was out to identify the conditions of an effective OHSMS and the needed interventions to ensure the systems characteristics are well understood and applicable to industry. Dell draws the differences between proactive and reactive systems, the later marked by reactive activity following an incident; the former by proactive hazard management linked to quality and continuous improvement philosophy. Of the fifteen companies assessed, more than half have no management focus on health and safety and high levels of legislative non-compliance and no fundamental system in place.   Of the remaining companies with some sort of system in place, the systems are mainly reactive in nature with no indication of proactive logical hazard or risk management activity. System performance remains difficult to separate given these sub-optimal conditions. BARRIERS TO THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM The evidence from research suggests that Occupational Health and Safety management systems are likely to fail because of the following reasons: 1).The inability to meet primary conditions for Occupational health and management systems effectiveness (by not customising systems to organisational needs, imposition without consultation, relax top management commitment and non-employee involvement). 2).The inapt utilisation of audit tools (where they become an end in themselves, are base on misdirected management goals, and are conducted without any expert auditor skills, standards and criteria). 3). Application of the system in hostile contexts (small business, precarious employment, contractors and labour hire companies). CASE STUDY OF MY EXPERIENCE IN THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM These case studies are base on my experience on a review which was undertaken by ASHMAN ASSOCIATES LTD CAMEROON between 2001 and 2009. These studies include: 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A review of occupational health and safety management systems used within the Cameroonian chicken processing industry. 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An evaluation of injury prevention within a large governmental department with multiple locations across Cameroon. 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The development of a strategic plan for injury prevention within a large governmental departmental involved in the running of detention centres. 4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     The approach towards injury prevention with the Douala reference hospital 5)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A manufacturing company involved with the making and distribution of textiles. Each of these case studies involved an objective of assessing the effectiveness of the occupational health and safety systems for developing an injury prevention model suitable for the culture and hazards associated with the respective workplaces. Each project primarily involved the following methodology: 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A review of the workplace’s injury history for the previous three to six years and identification of the primary types of injuries as well as their location and causal agents. 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A review of incident reports and safety committee minutes, as well as consultation with key stakeholders in identifying the variety of hazards that is evident within the respective workplace. 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A series of walk-through inspections and audits of targeted areas within the workplaces. 4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Technical assessments based on a risk management approach for identifying hazards, with assessing based on legislative and best practice models, and development of appropriate risk controls. 5)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Maintaining consultation with the stakeholders throughout the risk assessment approach and monitoring the adoption and evaluation of recommendations. 6)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Integrating the results of the risk assessments into a range of appropriate business plans relevant for the size and scope of issues managed in the business. 7)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Debriefing the senior management of the organisation on the major findings and recommendations. 8)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Developing key performance indicators, in consultation with the stakeholder groups, to ensure an approach of ongoing implementation and continuous improvement with respect to addressing injury prevention in the workplace. RESULTS OF EXPERIENCE On the basis of the research conducted in these workplaces, a range of business imperatives were clearly identified within those companies which were successful in addressing occupational health risks. The key imperatives were as follows: 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Management commitment and active participation 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Participation of the employees 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Setting of goals and measuring performance 4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Integration of Occupational health and safety strategies into business plan 5)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Positive feedback and recognition of achievements. The commitment of senior management and their participation in the prevention systems was vital. The direct involvement and commitment of the senior management was the major determinant within specific workplaces as to the level of improvement and sustained performance in injury management. Without their commitment and participation, the prevention appeared to achieve a ‘glass ceiling’ above which the performance appeared not to improve. This was particularly evident where responsibility for OHS management was delegated to a ‘middle level’ manager, in particular those with non-operational responsibilities, such as human resource managers or OHS officers. The successful integration of OHS with other management systems will ensure that the long term objectives of the organisation incorporate a desire to develop OHS initiatives through each stage of the design and development process. It is evident from these case studies that the five basic imperatives outlined should be key components of a system which will produce a sustained focus on injury prevention. Many of the OHS management systems available on the market were found to be too complex and too time consuming and costly to implement and maintain for the majority of the businesses assessed. However, the requirement of at least a simple system which contains these key imperatives would seem a sensible starting place for organisations contemplating a programme focusing on injury prevention at the workplace level. CONCLUSION Implicit in many of the research reviewed above to show the effectiveness of Occupational Health and Safety management system is the finding that OHSMS sometimes work under the appropriate conditions. It also alludes to the significant importance of top management commitment and employee involvement in the whole process. A general agreement also emerged that the effectiveness of Occupational health and safety management systems depends on concrete top management commitment and employee involment which were relentlessly described as essential and inter-linked. Top management commitment is regarded as a pre-requisite for embarking on a systems approach in the first place. Without this whole concept of top management commitment, an OHS management system cannot be effective or is likely to collapse into a token exercise. Employee consultation and Involvement was also considered equally important to its effectiveness.    REFERENCES Cohen, A., Smith, B., Cohen, A. (1975) Safety Program Practices in High vs. Low Accident Rate Companies An Interim Report, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Publication No 75-185, Cincinatti. Cohen, H., Cleveland, R. (1983) Safety Program Practices in Record-Holding Plants, Professional Safety, March, 26-32. Dell, G. (2000) Current Safety Management Practice: Does a Systematic Approach Deliver? Paper presented at the First National Conference on Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems, UWS, Sydney. K. Frick P. Jensen M. Quinlan T. Wilthagen (Eds.) Systematic OHS Management: Perspectives on an International Development, Elsevier, Amsterdam. Gallagher, C. (1997) Health and Safety Management Systems: An Analysis of System Types and Effectiveness, National Key Centre in Industrial Relations, Monash University, Melbourne Gunningham, N., Johnstone, R. (1999) Regulating Workplace Safety: System and Sanctions, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Health and Safety Executive (1991) Successful Health and Safety Management, HMSO, London. Hopkins, A. (2000) Lessons from Longford: The Esso Gas Plant Explosion, CCH Australia Limited, Sydney.

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The Difference Between Native and True Cedars Cedar (Cedrus), also called true cedar, is a coniferous genus and species of trees in the plant family Pinaceae. They are most closely related to the Firs (Abies), sharing a very similar cone structure. Most true, old-world cedars seen in North America are ornamentals. These conifers are not native and for the most part have not naturalized to North America. The most common of these you will see are Cedar of Lebanon, deodar cedar, and Atlas cedar. Their native habitats are on the other side of the planet -   in Mediterranean and Himalayan regions. The Common North American "Cedars" This group of conifers, for the sake of taxonomy and easier identification,  are considered cedars. The genus  Thuja, Chamaecyparis, and Juniperus  are included because of their confusing common names and botanical similarity. Still, they are not taxonomically true cedars. The Common North American "Cedars" Atlantic white cedarNorthern white cedar  (eastern arborvitae)Port-Orford cedarAlaska cedarEastern redcedarIncense cedarWestern red cedar Major Characteristics of the Cedars Cedars have very typical scale-like leaves that can grow on flattened sprays or all around the twig. These small leaves are persistent, decussate, less than 1/2 inch and can be prickly on some species. Cedar bark is often reddish, peeling and vertically furrowed. When considering both our native cedars and old world cedar, bark identification  should be confirmed by using other botanical characteristics. Cedars have cones that can be variable in size, some are woody while others are more fleshy and berry-like. The cones can be oblong to bell-shaped to rounded but typically are less than one inch in size.

Germany's Holocaust Memorial Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Germany's Holocaust Memorial - Assignment Example Eisenman designed it in a way that each stone slab is unique, positioned on uneven ground at varying heights. Some are taller than an average person while some are just as high as the ankles. Visitors are encouraged to wander through the paths and they can enter the monument on all four sides. Eisenman designed the monument to create a sense of instability, and the maze of stones tends to disorient some visitors. However, the designer of the monument hoped that the memorial will become a natural part of the city, and offer a respite for its citizens after a busy day. At the base of the monument is a subterranean Information Center, where visitors can find more information about the monument’s design and construction. It also features stories of several individuals and families who faced persecution of the Nazis during the war. The Information Center is open day and night. The monument serves as a silent reminder of a past that most people would want to forget. May it also serv e as a symbol of hope for the future generations. May each stone slab remind us all that no one has the right to take another man’s life for personal ambitions. May we all learn from our history, so that the acts of infamy committed by such unlawful men will never happen again.

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Communicating in Context - Essay Example the major happenings that marked my journey as a young reporter in the time frame spanning 1880 to 1910 in arguably, the fastest and most active city in the world; New York. When I got to New York, I worked odd jobs in upcoming publishing houses for a period of 2 years until I landed a job at the New York World Newspaper. The paper was at the time for the most part, conservative with only a few stories catching the average reader’s attention. Then there came Joseph Pulitzer who purchased the paper in 1883: 2 months after I joined the organization. He was extremely passionate about the minorities of America: the immigrants, the poor, and the extremely marginalized working class at the time. However, in the same range his passion for competition with William Hearst of the New York Journal; burned just as bright. In that light, our informal job description evolved between keeping up with the minorities issues just as well as keeping tabs on William Hearst; lest he out do our employer. While at first, my interest was to ensure that I had a job at all, with time I grew direly passionate about the minorities as I worked with Pulitzer. However, his leadership strategy, which was more dictatorial than authoritative, soon overwhelmed me. I decided to try my hand elsewhere and what better place than at my former employer’s nemesis doorstep. I joined the New York Journal in 1888 while it was under the leadership of William Hearst. Much like my previous employer, Hearst was equally passionate. However, he was much more controversial as he constantly referred his readers to â€Å"the Maine.† This American Ship had exploded under mysterious circumstances in Cuba. One would even say it became an obsession of his: constantly mentioning â€Å"the Maine† in articles that had little or nothing to do with the topic. His remarks contributed greatly to the occurrence of the Spanish American War. Other than the constant tag of war between Hearst and Pulitzer, the journalism

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Anti-immigration and anti-bilingual education - Essay Example From chapter 9, multicultural education refers to the philosophy and the way of looking at the world. This is not limited to the learners or students enrolled at a particular school. It also has a touch on everything like how students relate to teachers and how well and conducive is the environment for the students. However multicultural education doesn’t have a boundary like it can only happen in school since the community or society where the student resides is also considered as part of this philosophy in action. Considering that the product of a multicultural education is a multicultural person, he or she continues to be searching for knowledge and continues to use this process in order for him to participate in the country’s goal for progress. Multicultural education invites a student to not just to think for himself but also for the society where he is. This is the reason why educators, in order for them to help in this multicultural education must consider the im pact of their teachings, their decisions whether the decision is made cumulatively or individually. It should also be considered that with the multicultural education, one of the goals is the critical consciousness of the students which is the start of one’s good path as it leads him to a life with free decisions, meaning he doesn’t forever become a follower of the norms but a critic of it in order for change to occur not just for his own benefit but the benefit of the many. And since long-existing rules.... But with an additional rule of speaking in English because it is a directive only implies no just pressure for the student but also the school's failure and the government's misinterpretation of the real need of students. This also implies that the social structure has already embraced the idea of the "modern" age or the "future" as non-existent without the English language, the very obvious discrimination not just in education but in race as a whole. (2) What is multicultural education Why do we need multicultural education Answer: From chapter 9, multicultural education refers to the philosophy and the way of looking at the world. This is not limited to the learners or students enrolled at a particular school. It also has a touch on everything like how students relate to teachers and how well and conducive is the environment for the students. However multicultural education doesn't have a boundary like it can only happen in school since the community or society where the student resides is also considered as part of this philosophy in action. Considering that the product of a multicultural education is a multicultural person, he or she continues to be searching for knowledge and continues to use this process in order for him to participate in the country's goal for progress. Multicultural education invites a student to not just to think for himself but also for the society where he is. This is the reason why educators, in order for them to help in this multicultural education must consider the impact of their teachings, their decisions whether the decision is made cumulatively or individually. It should also be considered that with the multicultural education, one of the goals is the critical

Act 3, Scene 4 provides a great opportunity for visual spectical Essay Example for Free

Act 3, Scene 4 provides a great opportunity for visual spectical Essay QUESTION. Act 3, Scene 4 provides a great opportunity for visual spectical. Discuss how The Banquet Scene has been realised on screen and consider the effectiveness of its portrayal. ANSWER. Shakespeare was born in 1564 when Elizabeth the First was Queen of England. Shakespeare did not go to university when he left school; instead, he worked. He married Anne Hathway when he was eighteen and she became the mother of his daughter, Susanna, and also of twins. Although there are many public documents concerned with his career as a writer and a businessman, Shakespeare has hidden his personal life from us. A nineteenth century poet, Matthew Arnold, addressed Shakespeare in a poem and wrote: We ask and ask Thou smilest, and art still. There is not even a portrait of the worlds greatest Dramatist. I am going to look at the banquet scene, in my opinion, one of the most important scenes in Macbeth; it shows many sides to both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. The scene opens with the couple welcoming all the guests to their Banquet, the atmosphere is warm and jolly, and everyone is joking and enjoying themselves. The atmosphere becomes more sombre when one of Banquos murderers arrives with news for Macbeth. Although Banquo is safe, Fleance on the other hand has scapd . Macbeth tries to Act like the innocent flower, but be the serpent undert in front of his guests, but this does not last for long, the guilt gets the better of Macbeth and causes him to hallucinate. The Lords were all very confused, and so, Lady Macbeth tries to cover-up for her husband by telling them all that Macbeth suffers from an illness, which causes him to behave in such a manner. Sit, worthy friends My Lord is often thus, and hath been from his youth. She continues by saying The fit is momentary upon a thought he will be well again. The two productions I am going to look at are Roman Polanskis 1971 Production along with Gregory Doran RSC production. In Gregory Dorans production, Macbeths house resembles a prison. The front foyer is very bare, with lots of different entrances: this is trying to show us that Macbeth is imprisoned in his world of guilt. Macbeth is dressed as a soldier, which gives me the impression he is at war, maybe Doran is trying to put across the fact that Macbeth is trying to fight against all of the evil. Roman Polanski dressed Macbeth in beautiful robes; Macbeth is also wearing his crown. This makes me think Macbeth is in total control of everything. Both producers hold the Banquet in a large, dull, cold room, this symbolises the fact that Macbeth has nowhere to hide; it also creates a tense atmosphere. In Polanskis production, Macbeth sees Banquo and he goes mad! Avaunt! And quit my sight! Let the earth hide thee! He continues to rant and rave at this ghost of Banquo, whom only Macbeth can see. He frightens and startles not only the lords, but also Lady Macbeth. We know this by the look of worry on her face. She then pulls her husband aside to try and help him see sense. He sees what she is trying to say and returns to normality, but this only lasts for a matter of moments, and then Macbeth resumes to his fit of madness again. Macbeth is gradually loosing control. While Macbeth moves back, Banquo continues to advance. As both men keep moving, the camera becomes Banquo. We see high angle shot of Macbeth; it seems as though Banquo is looking down upon Macbeth and that he is now the one in control. Lady Macbeth tries to make excuses for her husbands behaviour by saying Sit worthy friends: My lord is often thus, and hath been from his youth: pray you, keep seat: the fit is momentary: upon a thought he will be well again. We then see a long shot of the lords at the table; they all look very puzzled and confused. By this time, Macbeth is in a corner, on the ground with Banquo towering over him, he moves in closer and closer, then Banquo is cut, and Macbeth is left sitting on the ground, a trembling wreck. Gregory Dorans RSC Production is very similar to Polanskis. He also shows Macbeth being overpowered by Banquo. When Lady Macbeth pulls Macbeth aside to try and snap him out of his fit, he is unable to look her in the eye, he keeps watching the ghost of Banquo. He realises what his wife is trying to say, and so he returns to his normal self again. The way that Macbeth is changing personalities so suddenly in this scene reminds me of a schizophrenic, its almost as though he has some kind of mental disorder. Macbeth tries to laugh it off and composes himself. However, this only lasts for a moment. When Macbeth sees Banquo again, he drops his chalice, and the white wine spills onto the floor. This is an interesting observation because all the other products I watched used red wine, a sign of evil and danger, but white reminds me of innocence. Maybe Gregory Doran feels that Macbeth was innocent and this is why he uses white wine rather than red. He may feel it was the witches, or maybe Lady Macbeths influence that encouraged him to do all those evil things. Personally, I feel it was Lady Macbeth that caused him to go through with Duncans murder, but yet again, how many could be talked into murder without desiring it themselves?

Democracies and Success in War Essay example -- Government War Democra

Democracies and Success in War Introduction Democratic governments have spread quickly around the world since the end of the Cold War and fall of the Soviet Union. Democracy has become one of the most desired regime types amongst states and is contributed to fostering wealth, stability, and even peace. Dan Reiter and Allan Stam argue that democracies are the most successful in war or military combat. In their book, Democracies at War, Stam and Reiter argue that after observing conflicts since the 1800’s, democratic governments tend to be more selective in choosing conflicts to participate in and democracies also have a propensity to win more often than authoritarian regimes. The purpose of this paper is to present a case study to test if democracies fight better wars. The paper will examine Stam and Reiter’s four propositions presented in their book and test the two propositions, political culture and political structure, that the authors suggest have a significant impact on democracies and the outcome of war. There are no previous intense case studies that have been performed over democracies and their success in wartime situations. Since only brief examples of case studies have been performed in previous literature, this paper will contribute to the discussion by presenting an intense case study on Israel during the Six Day War in 1967 and Yom Kippur War in 1979. For Stam and Reiter to be correct in their assessments over democracies high success rate in war, political culture and political structure must be found internally within Israel during the time period of these two conflicts. To be able to identify political structure and culture I have proposed a few variables that should be present wit... ...d freely choose to participate in both conflicts. However, the enormous threat by the Arab states, not only in these wars but since independence, were so overwhelming that Israelis had no choice but to fight or risk genocide thus giving merit to Desch’s argument. Democracy is winning out on all accounts and continues to grow, while authoritarian regimes, by choice or force, are dwindling on the world stage. Further research on Stam and Reiter’s claims should be tested, along with other arguments from democratic theorist. I suggest that an alternative case study be performed concerning a successful authoritarian regime to test claims of realist and institutionalist. A study of this nature coupled with research such as this paper presents can be compared and evaluated to obtain a firmer grasp on regime type and success in war.